Herniated Discs in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment 

A herniated disc is not only extremely painful for your dog, but it also severely affects his well-being—sometimes even long-term. The earlier it is diagnosed and treated, the better the prognosis. 

Has your dog just been diagnosed with a herniated disc? Then you’ve come to the right place! We’ll cover everything you need to know about herniated discs in dogs—from causes and symptoms to treatment options. We also spoke with aqua trainer and dog massage therapist Bettina Brenninger. She is a B2B partner of nacani and regularly treats dogs with herniated discs in her practice. That’s why she can share from her experience which methods are particularly effective for affected dogs. So, let’s dive right in!

Important: This article is not a substitute for a veterinary diagnosis or treatment. If your dog suddenly can’t walk or shows signs of severe pain, it’s an emergency. In this case, please take your dog to the vet immediately!

What Is a Herniated Disc in Dogs? Definition and Types

Just like in humans, your dog’s spine consists of individual vertebrae, with intervertebral discs located between them. These discs act as shock absorbers and ensure flexibility. In a herniated disc, the inner contents of one or more discs protrude outward and press on the spinal cord or nerve pathways. This not only causes severe pain but, in the worst cases, can even lead to neurological deficits or paralysis. 

A herniated disc in dogs can occur suddenly or develop gradually. There are different types of herniated discs, such as Hansen Type I or II, which differ slightly in their symptoms and prognosis. 

What are the common causes of a herniated disc in dogs?

1. Degeneration

A herniated disc is often a degenerative condition that is primarily age-related. As we age, the intervertebral discs lose their elasticity.

2. Genetic predisposition

Certain breeds are affected significantly more often than others. In so-called chondrodystrophic breeds in particular, degenerative changes in the intervertebral discs occur even at a young age. The reason for this in these breeds is a hereditary disorder of cartilage development, which leads to an altered cartilage structure in the intervertebral discs.

This applies, for example, to

• French Bulldog
• Dachshund
• Pug
• Pekingese

3. Other factors

In addition, obesity, a lack of exercise, and improper body mechanics can also play a role. A herniated disc can also occur as a result of an acute trigger such as jumping or trauma—especially in cases where there is pre-existing degenerative damage.

Symptoms of a Herniated Disc in Dogs – How Can I Tell if My Dog Has a Herniated Disc?

Symptoms can vary greatly in severity—from mild to severe. The following signs may indicate a herniated disc:

• Sudden pain (e.g., yelping when touched)
• Restrictions on movement
• A stiff or hunched back
• Lameness, especially after exercise
• Coordination problems
• Unsteady walking
• Symptoms of paralysis 
• Incontinence

What does the typical gait of a dog with a herniated disc look like?

Gait is often a clear indication of back problems. Typical changes include:

• A "hopping" gait
• Unsteady, wobbly movements
• Pulling the hind legs
• Rigid movements
• Overpronation (the feet roll inward when stepping)

The more severely the spinal cord is affected, the more pronounced these abnormalities become. 

What treatment options are available for a dog with a herniated disc?

Treatment depends largely on the severity of the condition. Your veterinarian will discuss the various options with you. 

Generally speaking, as is the case with patellar dislocation, for example, there are two main approaches:

1. Conservative treatment 

In milder cases, conservative treatment without surgery is sometimes possible. It consists of

• Complete rest (often for several weeks)
• Pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medications
• Physical Therapy

2. Surgery

Surgery is necessary when

• the spinal cord is severely damaged
• severe neurological deficits occur
• the dog no longer shows any signs of pain
• if the condition does not improve after the acute phase—even with rest and medication—within one to two weeks, or if it actually worsens

This isn’t “just” about treating the pain; above all, it’s about preserving nerve function. Without timely relief, there is a risk of irreversible damage! 

Even after surgery, rehabilitation and physical therapy are essential. Once the acute phase is over, the recovery process begins with the goal of strengthening muscles, maintaining mobility, and improving quality of life.

What exercises can help with a herniated disc in dogs?

First and foremost: Start the exercises only after the acute phase has passed and only in consultation with your veterinarian! There are various options here, such as:

• Coordination exercises
• Balance training
• Working with low bars
• Targeted muscle-building exercises

These help you regain stability and avoid relapses. Weight management is also always important!

A commonly used method in the physical therapy rehabilitation of dogs with herniated discs: training on an underwater treadmill.

Why use an underwater treadmill for dogs with a herniated disc?

We asked aquatic trainer Bettina why the underwater treadmill is so popular for dogs with herniated discs. “The high water level makes it easier for dogs to exercise because they bear less of their own body weight. At the same time, the water resistance ensures optimal muscle development.”

The benefits at a glance:

• Joint protection
• Building Back and Hindquarter Muscles
• Improved blood circulation

Bettina continues: “Even if the dog can’t stand on its own, I help by using a harness and setting the water level high. In addition, the speed of the treadmill is always adjusted to suit each individual dog.”

What is the prognosis for dogs with a herniated disc?

The prognosis for dogs with a herniated disc depends heavily on the severity of the condition, the dog’s pain levels, and the time elapsed before treatment. In many cases, early treatment can help significantly improve the dog’s quality of life. However, in cases of severe neurological deficits, the prognosis may be limited.

“I’ve had very positive results using the underwater treadmill to treat herniated discs in dogs. By specifically strengthening the back and hindquarters, many dogs see a significant improvement in their quality of life and can live pain-free again,” Bettina tells us.

Prevention: What can you do to prevent it?

If your dog belongs to a high-risk breed, you should take action early on. There are several preventive measures you can take to reduce the risk:

• Regular exercise (but in moderation)
• Preventing overweight
• Targeted muscle building
• Physical therapy or underwater treadmill

“Regular exercise—starting with once a week, then every two to three weeks—can be very beneficial as a preventive measure,” says aqua fitness instructor Bettina.